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National Research Journal of business economics  is a peer-reviewed and refereed academic scholarly business journal (ISSN: 2349-2015) dedicated to advancing research and discourse in the fields of Business Management and business economics journal & other related areas of management. The journal upholds rigorous academic standards, ensuring the publication of high-quality research contributions.

National Research Journal of business economics journal (NRJBE) is a peer reviewed refereed academic journal, publishing research articles in the field of Business Administration, Economics, and Related fields. The aim of NRJBE is to provide an intellectual platform for business economics journal related social-scientific studies, a platform in which research in alternative paradigms for Business and Economic inquiry could be presented and debated. NRJBE also aims to promote interdisciplinary studies over the issues of theoretical, practical, and historical importance in dealing with problems in Business and Economics and become the leading Business and Economics journal in India . NRJBE welcomes not only Indian authors, but also authors from all over the world. NRJBE will promote the cooperation and communication among the academics and practitioners interested in Indian Business and Economics. All published research articles in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymous refereeing by independent expert referees.

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Current Issue

Year: 2025   Volume No: 12, Issue No: 2, Year: 2025 (Special Issue-2)

Paper Title TRANSNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION CULTURES AND GENERATIVE AI
Author Name Aveena
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721269
Page No. 1-9

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
TRANSNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION CULTURES AND GENERATIVE AI
Author: Aveena

ABSTRACT:
Inclusive education is a vital component of equitable development in rural India; the
government plays a central role in ensuring its implementation through targeted policies,
infrastructure support, and community engagement. Key initiatives such as the Right to
Education Act (2009), Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, and the National Education Policy (2020)
provide the legislative and financial framework to promote inclusive practices in schools.
Despite these efforts, challenges persist—including inadequate infrastructure, shortage of
trained educators, low awareness among rural communities, and fragmented coordination
across departments. By analyzing secondary data from government reports, national surveys,
and policy documents, this study highlights the strengths and limitations of current
approaches and offers recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of inclusive education
in rural Karnataka.
Keywords: Inclusive Education, Rural Development, Government and Infrastructure

Paper Title GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN KARNATAKA
Author Name Bhavya C & Harisha N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721376
Page No. 10-15

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN KARNATAKA
Author: Bhavya C & Harisha N

ABSTRACT
Organic farming has gained global prominence as a sustainable alternative to chemicalintensive agriculture, offering benefits for human health, environmental conservation, and
rural livelihoods. Karnataka has emerged as a leading state in India by actively promoting
organic cultivation through policy initiatives, certification support, and farmer
engagement.This study analyzes the growth and performance of organic food production in
Karnataka from 2008 to 2023, using government data to examine changes in cultivated area,
total output, and yield per hectare. The findings reveal a substantial expansion in organic
farming: the area under cultivation nearly doubled from 45,000 to 89,500 hectares, while
production rose from 125,000 to 267,000 tonnes. However, this growth was primarily driven
by land expansion rather than improvements in crop productivity. Fruits and vegetables
recorded the highest growth rates, indicating a shift toward high-value organic crops. The
study highlights the concept of organic farming and provides a comprehensive assessment of
its performance across different crop categories in Karnataka.
Keywords: agriculture, Organic farming, Karnataka, Government,Sustainable

Paper Title THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN RURAL INDIA: POLICIES, PRACTICES, AND CHALLENGES
Author Name Chandra Kumar S N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721405
Page No. 16-22

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN RURAL INDIA: POLICIES, PRACTICES, AND CHALLENGES
Author: Chandra Kumar S N

ABSTRACT:
Inclusive education is a vital component of equitable development in rural India; the
government plays a central role in ensuring its implementation through targeted policies,
infrastructure support, and community engagement. Key initiatives such as the Right to
Education Act (2009), Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, and the National Education Policy (2020)
provide the legislative and financial framework to promote inclusive practices in schools.
Despite these efforts, challenges persist—including inadequate infrastructure, shortage of
trained educators, low awareness among rural communities, and fragmented coordination
across departments. By analyzing secondary data from government reports, national surveys,
and policy documents, this study highlights the strengths and limitations of current
approaches and offers recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of inclusive education
in rural Karnataka.
Keywords: Inclusive Education,Rural Development, Government and Infrastructure

Paper Title AGRICULTURE CREDIT THROUGH CANARA BANK FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SATHENAHALLI VILLAGE, HASSAN DISTRICT
Author Name Deepa D.
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721449
Page No. 23-30

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AGRICULTURE CREDIT THROUGH CANARA BANK FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SATHENAHALLI VILLAGE, HASSAN DISTRICT
Author: Deepa D.

ABSTRACT:
Institutional agricultural credit plays a crucial role in enabling farmers to adopt modern and
sustainable agricultural practices. This study explores the role of Canara Bank in providing
agricultural credit in Sathenahalli village, Hassan district, with a focus on credit accessibility,
utilization patterns, and its impact on farmers‘ livelihoods. The findings indicate that most
beneficiaries are aged 30–40 years, with a considerable proportion being non-literate. Canara
Bank‘s credit facilities significantly contribute to household income and support the adoption of
improved agricultural inputs and practices. The study also reveals that loans are availed for
various purposes and utilized across different agricultural activities. Despite these benefits,
challenges such as limited awareness of credit schemes, procedural complexities, and
insufficient support for small and marginal farmers persist. The study underscores the need to
ensure equitable access to credit, strengthen institutional mechanisms, and promote sustainable
agricultural development.
Key words: Agriculture, Income, Gender, Education, Loan , Expenditure

Paper Title THE ROLE OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA
Author Name Devaraju A R
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721496
Page No. 31-37

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
THE ROLE OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA
Author: Devaraju A R

ABSTRACT:
The present study explores how skill development programmes have become a cornerstone of
Karnataka’s strategy for achieving sustainable development. These initiatives aim to bridge
the gap between education and employment by equipping youth, women, and marginalized
communities with industry-relevant competencies. Flagship programmes such as Kaushalya
Karnataka, Yuva Yuga, and sector-specific training under the Karnataka Skill Development
Corporation (KSDC) have significantly enhanced employability, fostered entrepreneurship,
and supported green and inclusive economic growth. By aligning training with emerging
sectors like renewable energy, digital technology, and sustainable agriculture, these
programmes contribute to both environmental sustainability and economic resilience. The
decentralization of training centres to rural and semi-urban areas further promotes balanced
regional development and mitigates urban migration. Karnataka’s skill development
ecosystem actively supports the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
particularly those related to quality education, decent work, reduced inequalities, and climate
action. This paper examines the contribution of these programmes to sustainable development
across the state.
Keywords: Education, Skill Development, Sustainable Development, Regional Development
and Sustainable Agriculture.

Paper Title SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH NGO’s
Author Name Gangaraja M & K.S. Veerendra Kumar
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721613
Page No. 38-42

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH NGO’s
Author: Gangaraja M & K.S. Veerendra Kumar

ABSTRACT
This study explores the pivotal role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
promoting sustainable human development for women across Karnataka, a state characterized
by significant socio-economic disparities. The abstract provides an in-depth analysis of NGO
interventions aimed at addressing multidimensional challenges faced by women, particularly
those in rural and marginalized communities. Sustainable human development is framed
within a holistic context, encompassing economic self-reliance, social empowerment,
environmental stewardship, and legal awareness. Research indicates that NGOs function as
vital conduits, bridging the gap between government schemes and vulnerable populations.
Key strategies employed include the promotion of women's Self-Help Groups (SHGs), a
model pioneered in Karnataka by organizations like MYRADA since the mid-1980s. These
SHGs have proven effective in mobilizing women for thrift and credit activities, which serves
as a foundation for broader empowerment initiatives. Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGO’s) mobilize people for constructive community work and often reach the most
deprived sections of society and contribute to the socio-economic development of the
country. This study shows the cooperation between the Government and the NonGovernmental Organizations (NGO’s) to implement the government programmers in
Karnataka. Karnataka is one of the growing states of India which has bundle of schemes for
the empowerment of Women and development of children implemented with the help of the
NGO’s. Government of Karnataka has come up with varieties of programs for the benefit of
women and children. Empowerment of women is high on the agenda in the development plan
and policies in the state. NGOs have the potential to initiate this process and they have been
actively involved in planning process and implementing of various policies related to women.
They are also enhancing government efforts to work together. They are responding to the
needs and aspirations of the women and children. NGOs have been making remarkable
efforts for the upliftment of the women. They are fighting for their rights and making them
more self-reliant. They empower women by conducting training programs that promote a
solid base of conceptual, theoretical, and practical skills. There are various NGOs involved in
solving the issues of women and promoting the related laws, safeguarding the interest of
women in the framework of local or national policymaking. In this paper we throw light on
the role of NGOs in the implementation of the government programmes to empower women
and children.
Keywords: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s), Empowerment, Programmes,
Implementation.

Paper Title AN ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION STATUS OF INDIA: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA
Author Name Gangadhara R
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721662
Page No. 43-53

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION STATUS OF INDIA: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA
Author: Gangadhara R

ABSTRACT
The higher education sector in India has witnessed substantial growth in the past few
decades, with a notable expansion in the number of institutions and student enrolment.
However, the quality, accessibility, and regional disparities continue to pose significant
challenges. This study aims to analyze the current status of higher education in India with a
specific focus on the state of Karnataka. Utilizing secondary data from official sources such
as AISHE and UGC reports, the paper examines trends in gross enrolment ratio (GER),
faculty strength, infrastructural development, and policy reforms. The comparative analysis
highlights Karnataka’s achievements in expanding access and improving research outputs,
while also identifying persistent gaps related to rural-urban divides and equity. The findings
suggest that while Karnataka serves as a model in several respects, strategic interventions are
still required to align with national objectives set out in the National Education Policy (NEP)
2020. The study concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen higher education
across India, informed by Karnataka's progress and challenges.
Keywords: Higher Education, India, Karnataka, National Education Policy, Gross Enrolment
Ratio, Institutional Quality, Research, Digital Learning, Equity in Education.

Paper Title PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF ARECANUT-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA
Author Name Gayathri B. A. & M. S. Ramananda
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721713
Page No. 54-65

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF ARECANUT-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA
Author: Gayathri B. A. & M. S. Ramananda

ABSTRACT
Arecanut, commonly known as betel nut, is one of the most important commercial plantation
crops in India, with Karnataka being the leading producer. Within the state, Shivamogga
district holds prominence due to its favorable climate, extensive cultivation, and the
prevalence of intercrop systems such as banana, pepper, cocoa, and turmeric. As arecanut is a
perennial crop with wide spacing, it provides considerable scope for intercropping, which
enhances resource use efficiency and secures additional income for farmers. In this present
research experiment was conducted in the Shivamogga District in Karnataka using four
different cropping models. Model I consisted of areca nut as a monocrop. Model II included
areca nut intercropped with banana, vegetables, and pulses. Model III comprised areca nut
intercropped with ginger, maize, pulses, and brinjal. Model IV involved areca nut
intercropped with tomato, pulses, and a tomato–chilli–pulses combination. These cropping
systems were established during 2014–15 on an experimental site with ten-year-old areca nut
palms. The cost and income analysis of arecanut-based cropping systems clearly shows how
intercropping improves overall profitability compared to sole arecanut cultivation. In Model-I
(sole arecanut), the total cost of cultivation is ₹10,91,000 with an income of ₹11,25,000,
giving only marginal returns. However, when intercrops are introduced, the economic
performance improves significantly. Model-II (arecanut + banana + vegetables + pulses)
requires an additional cost of ₹1,90,000, raising the total cost to ₹12,81,000, but generates an
intercrop income of ₹5,00,000, increasing overall income to ₹16,25,000, where intercrops
contribute about 39.03% of net profit. Similarly, Model-III (arecanut + ginger + maize +
pulses + brinjal) shows the highest profitability, with an additional cost of ₹2,95,000 and
overall cost of ₹13,86,000, yielding ₹8,00,000 from intercrops. This boosts the total income
to ₹19,25,000, with intercrops contributing a significant 57.72% share in net profit, proving it
to be the most economically viable model. Model-IV (arecanut + tomato + chilli + pulses)
also performs well, with an additional cost of ₹2,50,000 and total cost of ₹13,41,000,
generating ₹6,00,000 from intercrops and achieving an overall income of ₹17,25,000, with
intercrops contributing 44.74% of net profit. Thus, the study indicates that intercropping not
only increases total farm income but also reduces the economic risk associated with sole
arecanut cultivation, with Model-III standing out as the most profitable and sustainable
option.

Paper Title DIGITAL LITERACY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ASSESSING FACULTY AND STUDENT PERCEPTIONS, CHALLENGES, AND BEST PRACTICES
Author Name Hanumanthappa
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721825
Page No. 66-71

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
DIGITAL LITERACY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ASSESSING FACULTY AND STUDENT PERCEPTIONS, CHALLENGES, AND BEST PRACTICES
Author: Hanumanthappa

ABSTRACT:
Digital literacy has become a key requirement in higher education, shaping how teachers teach
and how students learn in the modern digital age. This study examines how faculty members
and students perceive digital literacy, what challenges they face in using digital tools, and what
practices help improve their digital competence. Using a mixed-method approach, data were
collected from selected universities through surveys and interviews. The study found that while
both groups recognize the importance of digital literacy, their skill levels and confidence in
using technology differ widely. Limited training, lack of infrastructure, and uneven access to
resources were identified as major barriers. However, effective strategies such as integrating
digital skills into the curriculum, offering regular training workshops, and encouraging peer
collaboration proved beneficial. The study suggests that institutions should adopt
comprehensive digital literacy policies to support faculty and students, ensuring quality
teaching, active learning, and better preparation for the digital world.
Key terms: Digital literacy, higher education, faculty perceptions, student experiences,
challenges, best practices, technology in education, digital skills development

Paper Title SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES: AN EVALUATION OF PMKVY IN KARNATAKA
Author Name R. Harish Kumar
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17721976
Page No. 72-81

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES: AN EVALUATION OF PMKVY IN KARNATAKA
Author: R. Harish Kumar

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effectiveness of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
(PMKVY) in enhancing youth employment opportunities in Karnataka. Using both primary
survey data from 740 beneficiaries and secondary sources such as NSDC, PLFS, KSDC, and
district-level evaluations, the paper analyses disparities in regional participation, genderbased outcomes, and the efficiency of training-to-placement pathways across Phases 1.0, 2.0,
and 3.0. Although more than 9.8 lakh individuals have undergone training under PMKVY in
Karnataka, employment results have been inconsistent, with placement success varying
considerably across districts. The findings highlight critical bottlenecks, including uneven
training infrastructure, mismatched sectoral focus, and persistent challenges in aligning skills
supply with labour market demand.

Paper Title AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERS’ PURCHASE INTENTION OF ELECTRIC BIKES
Author Name Harsha B D
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722159
Page No. 82-93

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERS’ PURCHASE INTENTION OF ELECTRIC BIKES
Author: Harsha B D

ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of India’s electric vehicle (EV) industry has established electric bikes (ebikes) as a key component of sustainable urban mobility. Factors such as rising fuel prices,
increasing environmental concerns, and government incentives, including the FAME II
scheme, have accelerated e-bike adoption, positioning them as a viable alternative to
conventional petrol two-wheelers. This study empirically examines the factors influencing
consumers’ purchase intention of electric bikes (e-bikes) in Mysore City, Karnataka, focusing
on socio-demographic, psychological, economic, and product-related aspects. Primary data
were collected from 60 e-bike users with at least one year of usage experience, using
structured questionnaires and personal interviews. Data were analyzed through descriptive
statistics, mean values, and ANOVA tests to identify the most significant determinants of ebike adoption. A cost comparison between electric and conventional petrol bikes revealed
that e-bikes offer notable economic advantages, particularly at higher daily usage. Among
electric brands, Ola S1 Pro is the most cost-effective, with total monthly costs ranging from
₹4,404.11 (20 km/day) to ₹4,740.11 (60 km/day), followed by TVS iQube. The Ather 450X
incurs the highest total cost due to higher fixed expenses, while petrol bikes below 120 CC
have steeply rising running costs, making e-bikes more economical for extended usage.
Analysis of mean values from the 5-point Likert scale indicated that Mileage Range (4.11)
and Price (4.08) are the most influential factors in consumers’ purchase decisions. Speed
(4.05) and Brand Name (3.85) also play a significant role, reflecting the importance of
performance and reputation. Warranty (3.96) is moderately valued, while factors such as
Resale Value (3.26), Availability of Spare Parts (3.41), and Other Special Features (3.50)
have minimal influence. The ANOVA test confirms that practical and performance-related
aspects—particularly mileage, price, and speed—have the strongest influence on purchase
decisions, whereas secondary or long-term considerations play a minor role. Overall, the
study demonstrates that economic benefits, performance, and brand perception dominate
consumer preferences, while environmental and warranty factors are moderately important,
highlighting the practical priorities guiding e-bike adoption.
Key words: Electric Bikes, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behaviour.

Paper Title INCLUSIVE EDUCATION TOWARDS RURAL SELF-RELIANCE
Author Name Kavya H.K & Ravindra Kumar B
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722259
Page No. 94-102

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION TOWARDS RURAL SELF-RELIANCE
Author: Kavya H.K & Ravindra Kumar B

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the inclusive education towards rural self-reliance through an
empirical analysis of Tumkur District, and Karnataka. Data was collected from 65
respondents to examine various aspects, including demographic profiles, educational
attainment, household incomes, employment types, perceptions of education importance,
school infrastructure quality, enrolment and dropout rates, parental education levels, and
challenges in accessing education. The findings reveal a predominantly agrarian community
with significant educational disparities and infrastructure challenges. While there is
widespread recognition of education's importance for economic and social development,
concerns persist regarding the quality of education, especially regarding infrastructure and
access to technology. Dropout rates increase with higher educational levels, reflecting
barriers such as financial constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Parental education levels
are predominantly low, potentially influencing educational opportunities for younger
generations. Key challenges identified include financial constraints, distance to schools, poor
infrastructure, and socio-cultural barriers, which hinder equitable access to education. These
findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve educational infrastructure,
address socio-economic disparities, and promote inclusive educational policies that cater to
the diverse needs of rural communities. Addressing these challenges is crucial for fostering
sustainable rural development through enhanced educational opportunities and outcomes.
Keywords: Rural development, Education, Educational disparities, Infrastructure challenges

Paper Title A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON SHEEP AND GOAT REARING IN MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
Author Name Madegowda M. & K.S. Veerendra Kumar
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722308
Page No. 103-106

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON SHEEP AND GOAT REARING IN MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
Author: Madegowda M. & K.S. Veerendra Kumar

ABSTRACT
Sheep and goat rearing constitute an integral component of the rural economy in Mandya
district, Karnataka, providing livelihood support to small and marginal farmers. These small
ruminants contribute significantly to meat, wool, milk, and manure production, thereby
enhancing agricultural diversification and nutritional security. This conceptual study explores
the status, trends, and challenges of sheep and goat farming in Mandya district. It analyses
population changes, breed composition, farming systems, economic returns, and major
constraints, while also proposing strategies for sustainable development.
As per the 20th Livestock Census (2019), Mandya district reported approximately 3,47,133
sheep and 3,46,430 goats, with modest growth rates of 1.62% and 0.01%, respectively.
Prominent breeds include the indigenous Bannur sheep and improved goat breeds such as
Kanni Adu and Sirohi, which align with Karnataka’s state breeding policy. Farmers employ
traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive rearing systems, each with distinct economic
outcomes. Intensive systems yield higher profits — approximately ₹4,186 per goat and
₹3,983 per sheep annually — but demand substantial investment and management.
The study identifies persistent challenges such as feed scarcity, disease outbreaks, poor
marketing infrastructure, and climatic stress. It recommends promoting semi-intensive
systems, expanding breeding and veterinary services, improving fodder availability, and
strengthening market linkages through cooperative structures. With appropriate institutional
and policy support, sheep and goat husbandry in Mandya district has strong potential to
enhance rural incomes and contribute to sustainable agricultural growth.
Keywords: Livestock, Bannur Sheep, Kanni Adu, Sirohi, Sustainable Livelihoods

Paper Title AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTIONS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF KARNATAKA CASE STUDY OF MANDYA DISTRICTv
Author Name Rangaswamy L C & Ramananda M S
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722414
Page No. 107-110

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTIONS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF KARNATAKA CASE STUDY OF MANDYA DISTRICTv
Author: Rangaswamy L C & Ramananda M S

ABSTRACT
The Panchayat Raj system in India represents a landmark in democratic decentralization,
aimed at empowering rural communities and ensuring participatory development. Karnataka,
known for its progressive governance reforms, has been a pioneering state in implementing
the Panchayat Raj system since the 1980s. This study examines the economic role and
performance of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) in promoting rural development in
Karnataka, with special reference to Mandya district. Using both primary and secondary data,
the research analyzes the impact of PRIs on economic growth, infrastructure development,
and livelihood improvement. The findings reveal that PRIs have significantly contributed to
rural transformation through effective implementation of schemes like MGNREGA, PMAY,
and NRLM. However, challenges such as limited financial autonomy, political interference,
and capacity constraints persist. Strengthening fiscal devolution, capacity building, and
people’s participation is essential for realizing the full potential of grassroots democracy in
Karnataka.
Keywords: Panchayat Raj Institutions, Rural Development, Decentralization, Economic
Growth, Mandya District, Karnataka.

Paper Title AGRICULTURE CREDIT THROUGH CANARA BANK- A CASE STUDY ON SATHENAHALLI VILLAGE
Author Name P Manjula
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722466
Page No. 111-116

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AGRICULTURE CREDIT THROUGH CANARA BANK- A CASE STUDY ON SATHENAHALLI VILLAGE
Author: P Manjula

ABSTRACT
Agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy, providing livelihood to nearly twothirds of the population and contributing significantly to GDP. Given the challenges of
increasing productivity with limited land, financial support through agricultural credit has
become essential. This study focuses on the role of Canara Bank in delivering agricultural
credit in Sathenahalli village, Karnataka, and examines its impact on rural farmers.The
research highlights the necessity of credit for modern farming—covering inputs like seeds,
fertilizers, irrigation, and equipment—and the critical role of institutional credit in reducing
dependence on non-institutional sources. It also explores issues such as limited access to
credit for marginal farmers, high interest rates, and insufficient awareness. A gap in existing
literature regarding Canara Bank’s specific role in Sathenahalli prompted this case study.
Using both primary data (through questionnaires) and secondary sources (research papers,
reports, and online data), the study analyzes the socio-economic conditions of farmers and
evaluates the efficiency of credit facilities. The findings emphasize the need for improved
financial literacy, streamlined loan processes, and inclusive lending policies to strengthen
rural development and agricultural productivity.
Keywords: Agricultural credit, Rural finance, Canara Bank.

Paper Title MINDS IN AI MOTION: BLENDED LEARNING REIMAGINED
Author Name Nagaraj HV & Girish GS
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722564
Page No. 117-120

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
MINDS IN AI MOTION: BLENDED LEARNING REIMAGINED
Author: Nagaraj HV & Girish GS

ABSTRACT:
This abstract explores the transformative potential of integrating artificial intelligence (AI)
into a reimagined blended learning framework. Traditional blended models, while offering
flexibility, often fail to fully personalize the learning journey, leaving gaps in student
engagement and achievement. This paper introduces "Minds in AI Motion" an innovative
model that leverages AI to create dynamically adaptive and personalized learning paths,
moving beyond static content delivery to a system that continuously optimizes the
educational experience for each student. The abstract will outline the methodology for
integrating AI-driven tools, such as intelligent tutoring systems, personalized content
recommendations, and real-time performance analytics, into both online and in-person
learning environments. It presents key findings illustrating how this approach improves
student motivation, accelerates competency-based progression, and provides educators with
actionable data insights. The abstract concludes by arguing that this AI-powered blended
learning model represents a significant evolution in educational pedagogy, fostering a more
engaging, effective, and equitable learning ecosystem for the future.
Key words: AI-driven tools in Education, Ed-Tech, Hybrid Learning, Learning Platforms,
Educational Data Mining, Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR)

Paper Title THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT IN REDUCING HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN INDIA
Author Name Nagaraju B S & Gule Arifa
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722566
Page No. 121-128

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT IN REDUCING HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION IN INDIA
Author: Nagaraju B S & Gule Arifa

ABSTRACT
The National Food Security Act (NFSA), enacted in 2013, marked a pivotal shift in India’s
approach to food and nutritional security by legally entitling over two-thirds of the population
to subsidized food grains. This study examines the role of NFSA in reducing hunger and
malnutrition across India, with a focus on its implementation, coverage, and impact on
vulnerable populations. Despite improvements in food access, challenges persist in
addressing nutritional adequacy, systemic inefficiencies, and regional disparities. The study
uses secondary data and policy analysis to evaluate NFSA’s effectiveness and propose
actionable recommendations for enhancing its impact.

Paper Title EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE WORKERS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY IN KARNATAKA
Author Name Nalini M. & K.S. Veerendra Kumara
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722700
Page No. 129-133

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE WORKERS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY IN KARNATAKA
Author: Nalini M. & K.S. Veerendra Kumara

ABSTRACT
Karnataka is becoming one of the biggest garment producers in India and at the bottom of the
industry women can often be found working from their homes because of norms restricting
them what to do and where to go. Sustainable development gives an idea and direction to the
person, organization, government, and society as a whole to the development of all sectors
and leading life without compromising future needs. Hence to achieve economic growth and
sustainable development consideration and management of human resources and natural
resources are crucial. The present study tried to evaluate the opportunities in garment units
and their impact on women workers and the standard of living of the family members of
women workers. Empowerment of Female Workers in Garment Industry in Karnataka,
Against a backdrop of rapid industrialization and growing female labour-force participation,
aiming to compare levels of socio-economic, psychological dimensions of empowerment.
Findings show that Garment-sector employment often provides higher short-term income and
skill training. The paper concludes with policy and practice recommendations.
Keywords: Women workers, garment industry, empowerment.

Paper Title PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF UNORGANIZED WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN KARNATAKA WITH REFERENCE TO BANGALORE DISTRICT
Author Name Naveen Kumar S T
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722770
Page No. 134-140

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF UNORGANIZED WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN KARNATAKA WITH REFERENCE TO BANGALORE DISTRICT
Author: Naveen Kumar S T

ABSTRACT
One of the biggest sources of unorganized laborers include the construction industry in India,
especially in fast urbanizing cities like Bangalore. Though their role is extremely essential in
infrastructural growth, the workers are still plagued with low wages, no job security, poor
working environment, and poor access to medical and social facilities. This paper explores
the issues and opportunities of unskilled construction workers in Bangalore district in a bid to
determine the socio-economic challenges faced by the population, as well as the potential of
enhancing their situation through training, skill acquisition, and institutional intervention.
Two hundred workers were given a structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed
through descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and multiple regression models. The results
indicate that low wages, workplace risks, and lack of social insurance have a major impact on
the welfare of the workers, whereas training opportunities and skill development have a
positive impact on the future of these employees. The research also gives information on
demographic traits, financial awareness and household choices of employees. The findings
underscore the need to take immediate policy action, enhance welfare policies and specific
skill development programs to motivate the unregistered construction workers. This study is a
contribution to the literature in labor economics, and it provides some implications to policy
makers, NGOs and planners of urban development.
Keywords: Unorganized construction workers, Wages and job security, Occupational health
and safety, Skill development and training, Labor economics in India

Paper Title DIGITAL LITERACY IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
Author Name Prabhavathi M.C
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722847
Page No. 141-144

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
DIGITAL LITERACY IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
Author: Prabhavathi M.C

ABSTRACT
This era is marked by huge innovation in every field and revolution in education is not
exception. Technology has become integral part of every human‟s life. So, in this paper an
attempt has been made to know the meaning and initiatives of digital literacy and the
challenges and issues facing and what government actions should be in near future to make
digital literacy a success in India.
Keywords: digital literacy, innovation, technology etc.

Paper Title ANALYSIS OF BIOFERTILIZERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Author Name Nethravathi. K
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722879
Page No. 145-151

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
ANALYSIS OF BIOFERTILIZERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Author: Nethravathi. K

ABSTRACT:
The cornerstone of the Indian economy is farming, which is the most popular occupation in
the nation. Fertilizers are crucial for agricultural production and healthy crop growth.
Recently, farmers have been using chemical fertilizers to speed up the entire procedure and
enhance yield. However, these fertilizers threaten the survival of people and animals as well
as habitats, soil, and plants. However, in addition to having a larger yield, natural
Biofertilizer [BF] are also safe for human consumption. As sustainable agriculture gains
momentum, BFs are emerging as a promising substitute for hazardous chemical fertilizers.
Both crop productivity and maintaining long-term soil fertility depend on BFs. In order to
meet the world's food demand, BFs are essential for crop development and the preservation
of soil fertility over the long term. Microbes and crop plants might communicate to enhance
the plants' growth, development, and immunity. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, and
silica serve as vital elements for plant growth. However, these nutrients are naturally
insoluble or complicated. Some bacteria make them soluble and available to plants. This
review addresses the potential of microorganisms, their mechanism of action, and their
effects on crops. BFs are a wonderful alternative to expensive and hazardous chemical
fertilizers since they are economical, non-toxic, and beneficial to the environment. This
review's insights can aid in our comprehension of the importance and processes of microbial
development as BFs for agriculture's sustainable crop production.
Key words: Biofertilizers, microbes, sustainable, solubilizers, environment.

Paper Title LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GDP AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR IN INDIA: CO-INTEGRATION ANALYSIS
Author Name Prakasha
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722932
Page No. 152-156

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GDP AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR IN INDIA: CO-INTEGRATION ANALYSIS
Author: Prakasha

ABSTRACT
India is one of the growing economies of the world. In terms of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) India is in 5th position in the world. It has been found from the Keynesian
consumption theory that there is positive relationship between income and consumption.
Hence, the present paper examines the long-run relationship GDP with PFCE and GFCE. The
present study used secondary time series data with co-integration and Vector Error Correction
Models. It has been found from the study that The GFCE, PFCE and GDP are stationary with
second difference. GDP is co-integrating with PFCE. PFCE is also co-integrating with GDP.
Hence, GDP and PFCE in India are having long-run equilibrium and stable relationship. GDP
corrects the errors within GDP by 69.12 percent and 21.9 percent with PFCE in the second
year. PFCE corrects the errors within PECF by 7.41 percent and 19.68 percent with GDP in
the first year. GDP and GFCE in India will go together. Hence, GDP is co-integrating with
GFCE. GFCE is also co-integrating with GDP. Accordingly, GDP and GFCE in India are
having long-run equilibrium and stable relationship. GDP does correct 7.12 percent of the
errors in equilibrium within the GDP in the second period. GFGC does correct 289.4 percent
of the errors in equilibrium with the GDP in the second period. Therefore, income generation
process and consumption processes are having strong and long-run relationship. Accordingly,
there is a need to improve the consumption behavior of the people to have stronger economic
process. KEYWORDS: Income, Consumption Expenditure, Co-integration, Error Correction,
Long-Run Relationship and Stationarity

Paper Title PROBLEMS OF WOMEN FARMERS IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Author Name Premakumari L
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17722992
Page No. 157-164

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN FARMERS IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Author: Premakumari L

ABSTRACT
The role of women in agricultural production is largely determined by the lifecycle of the
household, location of household fields and other tasks that women undertake during the
agricultural year. Their traditional role as primary seed-keepers and seed-processors is well
known in our society. They have conventionally been both experts and producers of food
from seed to kitchen, and as globalization shifts agriculture into capital-intensive mode,
women bear the disproportionate costs of both displacement and health hazards. They carry
the heavier work burden in food production and, because of gender discrimination, get lower
returns for their work. Women play an important role in all dimensions of agricultural
production – in certain regions, today’s women time input equals men's, while in other
regions traditions restrict their work to the household where they are involved in crop
processing and are in charge of household maintenance. The current study was carried out to
find the Problems of women farmers in Agricultural activities-reference to H.D.Kote taluk of
Mysore region.
Keywords: Health Issue, Agriculture, Women farmers, pesticides

Paper Title ROLE OF KVG BANK AND KG BANK IN AGRICULTURAL CREDIT IN KARNATAKA: A REVIEW
Author Name Priyadarshini & Harisha N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17723267
Page No. 165-173

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
ROLE OF KVG BANK AND KG BANK IN AGRICULTURAL CREDIT IN KARNATAKA: A REVIEW
Author: Priyadarshini & Harisha N

ABSTRACT
Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank (KVGB) and Karnataka Gramin Bank (KGB), are the two
major Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in Karnataka that play a vital role in promoting rural
credit and agricultural development. This paper is made an attempt to explore the major
objectives like to examine the growth and structure of RRBs in Karnataka and to analyse the
trends in agricultural credit disbursement by RRBs over the period and identify the
challenges and constraints faced by RRBs. This paper is based on the information collected
through available secondary sources and literature reviews. The proposed study mainly in
descriptive in nature. Both banks KVGB and KGB have maintained a strong rural orientation,
fulfilling their core role in promoting rural banking and agricultural credit with large number
of branches. Karnataka Vikas Grameen Bank’s total advances rose from ₹10,933.93 crore in
2018–19 to ₹17,571.46 crore in 2024–25, reflecting a consistent upward trend in lending
operations. This shows the bank’s expanding outreach and improved credit delivery capacity
over the years. The total advances of Karnataka Garmin Bank has increased steadily from
₹21,264.77 crore in 2019–20 to ₹29,235.32 crore in 2023–24 an overall growth of about
37.5% over five years. Agricultural advances rose from ₹15,849.84 crore to ₹23,363.66 crore
a growth of around 47.4% during the same period. To enhance the effectiveness of Regional
Rural Banks (RRBs) in supporting rural development, several strategic measures are
essential. Strengthening the management of non-performing assets (NPAs), particularly in the
agriculture sector, is critical, this requires robust credit appraisal, close monitoring, and
efficient recovery mechanisms.
Key Words: Regional Rural Banks, Rural Credit Flow, Financial Inclusion, Non-Performing
Assets.

Paper Title INSTITUTIONAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT IN KARNATAKA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MANDYA DISTRICT
Author Name Rajesha. B & Harisha N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17723329
Page No. 174-181

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
INSTITUTIONAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT IN KARNATAKA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MANDYA DISTRICT
Author: Rajesha. B & Harisha N

ABSTRACT:
Institutional agricultural credit plays a pivotal role in enabling farmers to access financial
resources for inputs, irrigation, mechanization, and post-harvest management. In Karnataka,
agricultural credit has grown significantly, with the state consistently exceeding its planned
disbursement targets under the Agricultural Credit Plan. However, disparities persist in the
flow and accessibility of credit across districts and farmer categories. This study focuses on
Mandya District, known as the ―Sugar Bowl of Karnataka,‖ to examine the distribution of
institutional agricultural credit across cooperative banks, commercial banks, and Regional
Rural Banks. Using secondary data from the Reserve Bank of India, NABARD, and districtlevel credit plans, the study analyzes agency-wise and taluk-wise credit allocation,
highlighting the dominance of public and cooperative banks, inter-taluk variations, and
challenges faced by small and marginal farmers. The findings indicate a concentration of
credit on irrigated, high-value crops and underline the need for more inclusive, equitable, and
development-oriented financial interventions. Policy recommendations include strengthening
the role of RRBs and cooperatives, promoting crop diversification, enhancing financial
literacy, and implementing innovative credit products to ensure sustainable agricultural
growth.
Keywords: Institutional Agricultural Credit, Innovative Credit Products, Credit Distribution,
Financial Literacy, Agricultural Policy.

Paper Title THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN INDIA
Author Name Ramana Reddy N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17731790
Page No. 182-188

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN INDIA
Author: Ramana Reddy N

ABSTRACT
This study explores the critical role of educational infrastructure in advancing inclusive
education in India, emphasizing how physical facilities, digital access, and support services
shape equitable learning environments. Drawing on national policies such as the Right to
Education Act (2009), Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, and the National Education Policy (2020),
it examines how infrastructure influences enrolment, retention, and academic outcomes
particularly for marginalized groups including girls, children with disabilities, and
economically disadvantaged students. Using district-level data from UDISE+ and field
insights from India’s rural regions, the study highlights persistent gaps in infrastructure
provisioning and their impact on educational equity. It concludes with policy
recommendations to strengthen infrastructure planning, increase public investment, and
promote community participation to realize the vision of inclusive education across India.
Key Words: Education, Infrastructure, Inclusive Education, Community, Karnataka

Paper Title TECHNOLOGY AS A CATALYST: ADDRESSING INEQUALITY AND ENHANCING QUALITY IN INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Author Name Ramesha.M.C
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732023
Page No. 189-198

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
TECHNOLOGY AS A CATALYST: ADDRESSING INEQUALITY AND ENHANCING QUALITY IN INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Author: Ramesha.M.C

ABSTRACT
Higher education in India is at a critical juncture, with technology emerging as a
transformative force in addressing long-standing challenges related to access, equity, and
quality. This paper examines both the opportunities and obstacles associated with integrating
technology into India's higher education system. It highlights key national initiatives
designed to broaden educational access, promote inclusivity among diverse learner groups,
and enhance the overall quality of academic experiences through the use of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT). Despite these advancements, several barriers such as the
digital divide, inadequate infrastructure, and difficulties in pedagogical integration continue
to impede progress. To fully realize the potential of technology in higher education, a
collaborative effort involving policymakers, educators, and stakeholders is essential. Such
cooperation is crucial to ensure that technology-driven interventions are inclusive, effective,
and sustainable in promoting equitable, high-quality higher education across the country.
Keywords: Higher Education, Technology, Access, Equity, Quality, Digital Divide, India

Paper Title WOMEN’S ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION IN INDIA: ROLES, CHALLENGES, AND PATHWAYS FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Author Name Ranganath G.
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732114
Page No. 199-205

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION IN INDIA: ROLES, CHALLENGES, AND PATHWAYS FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Author: Ranganath G.

ABSTRACT
Women play a multifaceted and often underrecognized role in India’s economy—through
formal and informal work, entrepreneurship, unpaid domestic labor, and social enterprises.
Yet their full potential remains constrained by structural, cultural, institutional, and policy
barriers. This paper reviews literature on women’s economic participation in India, presents
three illuminating case studies, and discusses the importance, challenges, and solutions
related to enhancing women’s contribution. The analysis highlights that empowering women
more fully can yield significant gains in output, poverty reduction, and social equity. The
article concludes with policy recommendations and future research directions.
Keywords: Women’s economic participation, India, informal sector, entrepreneurship,
unpaid care work, gender gaps, empowerment, structural barriers

Paper Title DEMOCRATIZING OPPORTUNITY: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL AND OPEN EDUCATION IN ECONOMIC INCLUSION
Author Name Sanjeeva Murthy.H & Suresha.M
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17731960
Page No. 206-211

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
DEMOCRATIZING OPPORTUNITY: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL AND OPEN EDUCATION IN ECONOMIC INCLUSION
Author: Sanjeeva Murthy.H & Suresha.M

ABSTRACT
In an increasingly interconnected and digital world, education remains a cornerstone of
economic participation and social equity. However, access to quality education continues to
be uneven, perpetuating cycles of poverty and exclusion. This research explores how digital
and open education platforms are democratizing opportunity by making learning more
accessible, flexible, and inclusive. Drawing on established theories, literature reviews, and
real-world case studies, the study examines how technology is reshaping the educational
landscape to promote economic inclusion. Despite persistent challenges-such as technological
barriers, limited digital literacy, and concerns around content relevance and accreditationemerging solutions offer a promising path forward. The paper concludes by highlighting key
policy and implementation strategies that can amplify the role of open and digital education
in levelling the socioeconomic playing field.
Keywords : Economic inclusion, Digital education, Open learning, Educational equity,
MOOCs, Technological access, Inclusive pedagogy, Ed-Tech, Digital literacy , Opportunity
gap.

Paper Title INTEGRATING THE SDGS INTO ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN INDIA
Author Name Sathyanarayana & Ravishankar P
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732198
Page No. 212-219

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
INTEGRATING THE SDGS INTO ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN INDIA
Author: Sathyanarayana & Ravishankar P

ABSTRACT
India integrates the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into its economic policies and
practices through national strategies, government schemes, and the SDG India Index. The
present paper explained the SDGs, their key focus areas, and the need for integrating them
into economic policies. Furthermore, it examined India’s policies and practices for achieving
the SDGs. The study found that the Government of India, along with State Governments, has
made substantial efforts at both micro and macro levels to achieve the SDGs. It also found
that India has demonstrated positive trends in progress toward these goals, although
challenges remain.
Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, Economic Policy, India, NITI Aayog, Policy
Integration.

Paper Title AN EVALUATION OF THE PROGRESS AND PERFORMANCE OF MGNREGA IN KARNATAKA
Author Name T.P. Shashi Kumar
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732263
Page No. 220-226

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AN EVALUATION OF THE PROGRESS AND PERFORMANCE OF MGNREGA IN KARNATAKA
Author: T.P. Shashi Kumar

ABSTRACT
The present study analyzes the financial and operational performance of the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in Karnataka from 2014–15 to
2023–24. Using comprehensive data on fund allocation, employment demand and provision,
job card issuance, project implementation, and payment efficiency, the paper highlights key
trends and patterns in the scheme’s execution over the decade. The analysis of fund flow
from 2019–20 to 2023–24 reveals fluctuations in total central releases, availability, and
expenditures, with a peak observed in 2023–24. Utilization percentages steadily improved,
reaching a high of 98.53% in the same year. The allocation between wages, materials, and
administrative expenses remained relatively balanced, and the average daily cost per person
and promptness of payments both showed positive trends. Additionally, job card issuance
among Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and other communities demonstrated
consistent growth, reflecting the state's inclusive approach. Employment trends indicate both
under- and over-achievement in meeting household work demands across years, underscoring
the dynamic nature of rural employment needs. The study observed a significant increase in
completed and ongoing works, peaking in 2022–23, affirming the growing scale of
MGNREGA activities in the state.
Key Words: Employment, Programme, Job Cards, Household, Poverty, Expenditure

Paper Title BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: CHALLENGES, STRATEGIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
Author Name Sowmya S Murthy
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732293
Page No. 227-230

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: CHALLENGES, STRATEGIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
Author: Sowmya S Murthy

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the persistent challenge of the digital divide, referring to the unequal
access, use, and impact of digital technologies across different populations worldwide. It
explores the multidimensional nature of this divide, including disparities in infrastructure,
digital literacy, and meaningful technology use shaped by socioeconomic, geographic, and
demographic factors. The study reviews existing policies and intervention strategies aimed at
narrowing the gap, highlighting successes and ongoing barriers. By analyzing case studies
and current research, the paper proposes a comprehensive framework for digital inclusion
rooted in equitable access, skills development, and participatory engagement. The insights
offered aspire to guide policymakers, educators, and stakeholders toward sustainable,
inclusive digital ecosystems that empower marginalized communities and foster social and
economic equity in an increasingly digital world.
Keywords: Digital Divide, Digital Literacy, Digital Inclusion, ICT Access, Policy
Interventions

Paper Title BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS IN CONSUMER SUSTAINABILITY CHOICES
Author Name Suma S
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732325
Page No. 231-243

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS IN CONSUMER SUSTAINABILITY CHOICES
Author: Suma S

ABSTRACT
This research examines the efficacy of eco-nudging as a behavioral approach to promote
sustainable consumer choices, taking into account ethical aspects, its applicability across
various cultural settings, and its socio-economic effects. This research study utilizes a
conceptual framework that integrates behavioral economics, ethical frameworks, and policy
integration methods to assess the long-term sustainability of eco-nudging. Findings suggest
that eco-nudging is an affordable, scalable approach that is effective, but primarily when
consumers possess a degree of freedom, the intervention aligns with cultural norms, and the
intervention is financially attainable. Personalization driven by AI and policy integration
enhances its scope, yet issues surrounding data privacy, transparency, and the potential for
allocation continue to raise concerns. Consequently, this research contributes to the
theoretical development of eco-nudging, including its ethical considerations and cultural
dimensions, while also providing practical recommendations for businesses, policymakers,
and economists who support sustainability. Eco-nudging, consequently, can serve as a
groundbreaking approach to influence long-lasting sustainable consumption behaviors,
provided it promotes ethical transparency and is applied adaptively.
Keywords: Eco-Nudge, Digital and Physical Nudging, Ethical Considerations, Policy
Integration, Sustainable Consumer Behaviour,

Paper Title A STUDY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SOLAR PARKS ON FARMERS
Author Name Sumadevi & Gule Ariffa
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732361
Page No. 244-248

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
A STUDY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SOLAR PARKS ON FARMERS
Author: Sumadevi & Gule Ariffa

ABSTRACT
The increasing emphasis on renewable energy in India has led to the development of largescale solar parks, often established on agricultural land. While these projects contribute to
national energy goals and climate commitments, their socio-economic implications on the
local farming communities remain under-explored. This study investigates the socioeconomic impact of solar parks on farmers by examining changes in income patterns,
employment opportunities, land use, migration trends, and community development. Using
both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study incorporates case studies from
solar parks in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. Findings reveal a complex
mix of positive and negative outcomes. While some farmers benefit from land leasing and
new job opportunities, others face displacement, reduced agricultural activity, and sociocultural disruption. The paper concludes with policy suggestions to ensure that solar
expansion promotes inclusive and sustainable rural development.
Keywords : Solar Energy, Solar Parks, Farmers, Land Use, Rural Economy, Socio-Economic
Impact, Renewable Energy Policy, Sustainable Development

Paper Title E-VEHICLES: PIONEERING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION FOR A GREEN FUTURE
Author Name Vani Y. D. & Vilas M. Kadrolkar
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732406
Page No. 249-256

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
E-VEHICLES: PIONEERING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION FOR A GREEN FUTURE
Author: Vani Y. D. & Vilas M. Kadrolkar

ABSTRACT:
India‘s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 places education, sustainability, and innovation at the
core of its development agenda. Electric Vehicles (EVs), though primarily recognized as a
solution to decarbonize mobility, hold transformative potential beyond transportation. They
can redefine educational access, create new learning ecosystems, and catalyze skill
development for the youth. This paper explores how EVs can serve as enablers of sustainable
education and innovation within India‘s broader socio-economic framework. Using primary
survey data collected from 200 respondents in Karnataka—including students, teachers, and
EV users—combined with secondary sources such as NITI Aayog reports, International
Energy Agency (IEA) data, and World Bank publications, the study highlights the role of
EVs in reducing student mobility costs, building green campuses, and fostering technical skill
development. Findings indicate that EV adoption in educational ecosystems not only supports
climate goals but also promotes inclusion, affordability, and innovation. Policy suggestions
include integrating EV fleets in schools and colleges, incentivizing EV charging hubs in rural
institutions, and embedding EV-related skill development into the National Education Policy
(NEP 2020). The paper concludes that EVs, when coupled with education reforms, can act as
catalysts for building a knowledge-driven, sustainable, and empowered Viksit Bharat.
Key Words: Sustainability, Catalyze, Decarbonize, Affordability, Incentivizing, innovation.

Paper Title ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING: A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR EDU VISION 2035
Author Name Veena G S & K. Shivachithappa
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732468
Page No. 257-265

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING: A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR EDU VISION 2035
Author: Veena G S & K. Shivachithappa

ABSTRACT:
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has emerged as a powerful driver of economic growth,
employment generation, and skill development in the 21st century. This paper explores the
transformative potential of BPO as a tool for economic empowerment, particularly in
preparing a future-ready workforce aligned with the goals of Edu Vision 2035. Using a
mixed-method approach, the study examines the role of BPO in enhancing employability,
bridging the skills gap, and creating inclusive opportunities for marginalized communities. It
highlights how BPO integrates education, technology, and entrepreneurship to promote
sustainable livelihoods and economic participation, especially for women and youth. The
paper also identifies policy interventions, training models, and industry–academia
collaborations that can strengthen human capital and foster equitable economic growth. The
paper concludes with a strategic framework to leverage BPO for inclusive development by
2035.
Keywords: Business Process Outsourcing (BPO); Economic Empowerment; Skill
Development; Workforce Transformation; Inclusive Growth; Edu Vision 2035; Human
Capital Development

Paper Title INSTITUTIONAL AND NON-INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT IN RURAL KARNATAKA: AN OVERVIEW
Author Name Madegowda. M
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732532
Page No. 266-271

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
INSTITUTIONAL AND NON-INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT IN RURAL KARNATAKA: AN OVERVIEW
Author: Madegowda. M

ABSTRACT
A key factor in the expansion of agriculture and the enhancement of rural livelihoods is rural
credit. The credit system in Karnataka serves various segments of the farming community
through both institutional and non-institutional sources. In order to investigate the
composition, patterns, and function of these credit sources in rural Karnataka, this study
offers a descriptive analysis based on secondary data. The results show that commercial
banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks have been the main drivers of the significant
expansion in institutional credit in recent years. However, because of their easier access and
flexible repayment terms, non-institutional lenders like traders and moneylenders still assist
small and marginal farmers. The study emphasizes the necessity of improving credit literacy,
bolstering financial inclusion, and boosting institutional mechanisms' effectiveness for
sustainable rural financial development.
Keywords: Rural credit, Institutional finance, Non-institutional sources, financial inclusion.

Paper Title AI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IMPLICATIONS
Author Name Venkatesha J.N
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732600
Page No. 272-276

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
AI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IMPLICATIONS
Author: Venkatesha J.N

ABSTRACT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of higher education by
providing personalized learning experiences, automating administrative tasks, and enhancing
academic research. AI-driven tools such as adaptive learning platforms, automated
assessment systems, and virtual assistants are significantly improving educational efficiency.
However, AI integration in higher education also raises ethical, legal, and intellectual
property challenges. This paper explores the impact of AI in higher education, the
opportunities it presents, the associated risks, and the policies required for responsible AI
implementation. It also discusses the role of AI in academic research, its governance, and its
implications for plagiarism and intellectual property rights. This research utilizes secondary
data from reports, academic studies, and global policy documents to provide an evidencebased analysis.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Higher Education, Intellectual Property, AI Ethics, AI
Governance

Paper Title LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: PREPARING FOR 2035 THROUGH A QUALITY-CENTRED PERSPECTIVE
Author Name Venkatesha T.K
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732640
Page No. 277-284

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: PREPARING FOR 2035 THROUGH A QUALITY-CENTRED PERSPECTIVE
Author: Venkatesha T.K

ABSTRACT:
The global higher education sector is experiencing unprecedented transformation driven by
digital innovation, demographic shifts, geopolitical uncertainty, and increasing demands for
accountability and relevance. These pressures are expected to intensify by 2035,
fundamentally altering how institutions define and sustain educational quality. This study
examines the emerging leadership challenges facing higher education institutions (HEIs) in
the context of preparing for 2035, with a particular focus on quality assurance across
academic, administrative, and strategic domains.
Adopting a qualitative exploratory approach, the research integrates scenario planning and
expert interviews with higher education leaders, policymakers, and quality assurance
professionals across diverse global regions. The study identifies key trends—including
artificial intelligence integration, the rise of micro-credentials, climate responsiveness, and
inclusive governance—that are reshaping institutional quality expectations. It further
highlights the limitations of traditional leadership and accreditation models in responding to
these future-oriented demands.
The research contributes to the growing discourse on higher education reform by bridging the
gap between leadership theory and quality assurance practice. It offers actionable insights for
leadership development, policy innovation, and institutional capacity building to navigate the
complex futures of higher education.
Keywords:
Higher Education Leadership; Quality Assurance; Transformational Leadership; Strategic
Foresight; 2035; Educational Innovation; Institutional Change; Accreditation; Global Trends

Paper Title ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS IN KARNATAKA: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS
Author Name Vishnu K S & Neelakanta N T
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732670
Page No. 285-291

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS IN KARNATAKA: A SECTORAL ANALYSIS
Author: Vishnu K S & Neelakanta N T

ABSTRACT
The study examines the trends, productivity, and profitability of major plantation crops such
as coffee, arecanut, coconut, rubber, and cashew in Karnataka. Plantation crops, being
perennial and capital-intensive, play a crucial role in enhancing rural incomes and export
earnings, particularly in the Malnad and coastal regions. Using secondary data from
government sources, the study evaluates cost–return structures, growth patterns, and regional
disparities across plantation zones. Findings reveal that while area under plantation crops has
gradually increased, yield growth remains inconsistent due to fluctuating input costs, climate
risks, and price volatility. Crops like coffee offer high returns but face greater market
uncertainties, while arecanut and coconut provide more stable, though moderate, incomes.
The analysis highlights infrastructural limitations, inadequate processing facilities, and the
absence of price stabilization mechanisms as key constraints. To improve sectoral
performance, the study recommends integrated farming systems, value addition at the local
level, improved access to institutional credit, and promotion of sustainable and diversified
plantation models. Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), enhancing market
linkages, and incentivizing organic and GI-certified produce are essential to achieve
economic resilience. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for region-specific policy
frameworks that align with Karnataka’s agro-climatic diversity, thereby ensuring sustainable
growth and competitiveness in the plantation sector.
Keywords: Plantation crops, Economic performance, Crop diversification, Agricultural
sustainability, Horticulture.

Paper Title VISION EDUCATION : PERSONALISED LEARNING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Author Name Yogesh A H
Country India
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17732726
Page No. 292-295

Abstract View PDF Download Certificate
VISION EDUCATION : PERSONALISED LEARNING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Author: Yogesh A H

ABSTRACT:
Personalized learning is an instruction to optimize learning according to the needs of each
learner. In 2005, Dan Buckley defined two ends of the personalized learning spectrum:
"personalization for the learner", and "personalization by the learner". it is a learner centric,
and it has diverse range of approaches to teaching individual learning needs. individual
unique learning experience to each learner, qualitative education and human capital
resources are the its main aims. Adaptive technology, project-based learning
(PBL),competency-based education are the some methods of personalized learning.
Adaptive Learning is a technology-led approach which aims to personalise the learning
according to the student's factors. According to researcher Eduard Pogorskiy, ICT can be a
powerful tool for personalized learning as it allows learners access to research and
information, and provides a mechanism for communication. It helps in the development of
human capital, productivity, creativity, poverty reduction, encourages entrepreneurship,
technological advancements, women empowerment, social development, health awareness,
and other areas where economic development can be boosted. Limitations of personalized
learning are ‘High costs,’ ‘ potential for increased inequality, increased teacher workload,
privacy concerns from data collection, leading to student isolation, it will not be successful if
there is lack of basic knowledge, and potential for a lack of social interaction and
collaboration, lack of facilities etc.

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