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Archives Volume-1, Issue-1 (January-June)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
Assessing the Role of NREGA in Building Community Assets in Rural Areas: Case Studies from Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh
Author Name:
K. Avini Sharma
Country:
India
Page No.:
1-10
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Assessing the Role of NREGA in Building Community Assets in Rural Areas: Case Studies from Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh
Author: K. Avini Sharma

NREGA is one of the most important programmes ever launched’ for rural India. Although it has been positioned and popularized as social security and livelihood scheme but it also have a very important connotations for economy as a whole. NREGS has not only emerged as ray of hope for millions of poor and marginalized families in rural India but also as a massive rural investment program, which has promise to take India’s growth in top gear. This scheme is gradually building physical assets in rural India which is visible, sustainable, technically sound and being monitored by people themselves.
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) - or the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as it is now known - was introduced in 200 of India’s poorest districts in August 2005, and extended to cover all rural areas of the country in 2008. The NREGA provided for a hundred days of unskilled manual work per rural household, at the state-wise minimum wage (subject to a national minimum) and within 5 km of the worker’s place of residence. Poverty reduction schemes have historically been a significant part of India’s public works programs. However the NREGA stands out as being the first of its kind to provide the right to employment to the rural poor. As an Act rather than a Scheme, it is more durable, provides more security to the workers and cannot be cancelled or changed without an amendment in Parliament, all features that are desirable from the point of view of poverty reduction and improvement of the livelihoods of rural agricultural laborers (see Dey and Dr`eze [2007] for more details on the provisions of the Act).

Paper Title:
Examining the Constraints and Growth Potential of India’s Agro-Based Industry
Author Name:
Ashish Kumar Arya
Country:
India
Page No.:
11-20
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Examining the Constraints and Growth Potential of India’s Agro-Based Industry
Author: Ashish Kumar Arya

The agro industry is regarded as an extended arm of agriculture. The development of the agro industry can help stabilize and make agriculture more lucrative and create employment opportunities both at the production and marketing stages. The broad based development of the agro products industry will improve both the social and physical infrastructure of India. India is one of the largest producers of food, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits, and vegetables in the world. Nearly 70% of the population of rural sector depends on agriculture and agro-based industries. The agro industry mainly comprises of the post-harvest activities of processing and preserving agricultural products for intermediate or final consumption. A research paper covering most profitable agro based industries contains profile on each industry has been presented with great efforts & care and it also to be well define problems and prospects of agro-based industries in India.
Keywords: Agriculture, Small Scale Agro-based Industry, Economic Development. Agri-business.

Paper Title:
Empowering Women through Budgetary Measures: A Review of the 2014–15 Budget
Author Name:
Naveen Ahmad
Country:
India
Page No.:
21-27
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Empowering Women through Budgetary Measures: A Review of the 2014–15 Budget
Author: Naveen Ahmad

Gender Budget Statement (GBS) presented in interim budget 2014-15 was tenth of its kind and it presents in black and white the extent of government seriousness towards upliftment of women in India. This paper makes an analysis of this year’s GBS statement using descriptive statistical analysis and finds out that total allocations under GBS in current budget were highest so far as their magnitude in concerned but in percentage terms they are just 5.53 of total expenditure, which is very low considering the fact that women constitute about half of population in India. Some methodological deficiencies that persist in this statement are pointed out and unbalanced sectorial allocation in the composite pool has been revealed.
Key Wards: Budget, Women, Gender, Government.

Paper Title:
Improving Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Rural Punjab
Author Name:
Rajeev Kumar, Rajinder Singh
Country:
India
Page No.:
28-33
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Improving Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Rural Punjab
Author: Rajeev Kumar, Rajinder Singh

Punjab state is rich in water resources but the drinking water supply is facing acute problems. A survey was carried out with the objective to highlight the water supply and sanitation problems in rural households and analyze their socio-economic implications. For this purpose 35 villages were taken from different agro-climatic regions. Apart from serious water contaminations, it is commonly observed that standing water in the village ponds and otherwise is the source of breeding mosquitoes and fleas and ultimately cause of many diseases.
The study carried out through RRA revealed that the overall annual average water requirements of water 432 lit/day for scheduled caste and 658 lit/day for other categories. It was 33% higher during summer season and minimum during rainy season. About 7% was used for human drinking and cooking, 45% for washing of cloths & bathing, 43% for livestock purposes and 6% for other purposes such as cleaning of houses and washing of vehicles. The regression analysis carried out for village level data showed that the size of scheduled caste population, livestock number and availability of private assured water supply in the house came out to be the major determinants of water usage.

Paper Title:
Assessing the Impact of Self-Help Groups on Occupational Diversification in Tarn Taran, Punjab
Author Name:
Manpreet Kaur, Suneeta Sharma
Country:
India
Page No.:
34-47
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Assessing the Impact of Self-Help Groups on Occupational Diversification in Tarn Taran, Punjab
Author: Manpreet Kaur, Suneeta Sharma

Majority of rural poor in developing countries depend on agriculture for their livelihood. As the distribution of land in these countries remains skewed, agriculture being seasonal activity, majority of these rural people remain unemployed for half of the year. To tackle such situation, these people have to resort to other non agriculture activities or they involve themselves in more than one occupation to generate income during slack season and to cope with distress factors like poverty, unemployment, smoothening of consumption and so on. Apart from these factors, in particular, people in the border areas face unique set of socio-economic uncertainties prevailing due to geographical location of such areas. This requires the need of occupational diversification in such areas to impart a sense of security through generation of additional sources of income for their livelihood.. Self Help Groups(SHG) provide subsidy based collateral free loans to rural poor to undertake various economic activities and enhance their income rather than just being dependent on agriculture. The present study is a modest attempt to analyze the occupational diversification through SHG loans among its member in border district of Tarn-Taran in State of Punjab.A sample of 120 beneficiary and non-beneficiary households was surveyed and data was analysed with the help of percentages and pearson’s Chi-Square technique.The results showed a significant change in the primary occupation of beneficiary members and beneficiary households diversified from low wage employment to self employment in dairy,petty business and other subsidiary occupations. Although SHG’s have helped the members to indulge in different avenues of selfemployment but these capital investments were not enough to provide the members full employment opportunity and sufficient income to cross the poverty line due to the problems of marketing, lack of infrastructure etc. yet they showed a significant shift from low rewarding activities to some gainful activity.

Key words: Income generating activities; Self-help Group; pattern of occupation; Occupational diversification

Paper Title:
Problems and Constraints in the Functioning of MGNREGA
Author Name:
Renu Gupta, Safiya Bano
Country:
India
Page No.:
48-57
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Problems and Constraints in the Functioning of MGNREGA
Author: Renu Gupta, Safiya Bano

MGNREGA is the central Government programme to the constitutionally manifested right to work and means to promote livelihood security in the rural areas. The programme guarantees generation of employment opportunities for 100 days in a financial year. The latest literature has observed the low awareness of the beneficiaries as well as some institutional gaps in the implementation of the scheme. The study tries to review the various problems and issues which hinder the successful implementation of MGNREGA in sundarbani block in Rajouri district of J&K state. Besides identifying various problems and issues, efforts have also been made to put forward few recommendations to bring further improvements in the working of the programme.
Key Words: MGNREGA, Implementation, Issues, Problems.

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